{"id":6432,"date":"2026-10-19T09:48:54","date_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-edlisfraedi-atef-iqbal\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T09:48:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:54","slug":"doktorsvorn-i-edlisfraedi-atef-iqbal","status":"publish","type":"phd_defence","link":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-edlisfraedi-atef-iqbal\/","title":{"rendered":"Doktorsv\u00f6rn \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i – Atef Iqbal"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n

Doktorsefni:
<\/strong>Atef Iqbal<\/p>\n

Heiti ritger\u00f0ar:
<\/strong>Rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg amm\u00f3n\u00edaksmyndun \u00e1 m\u00e1lmkarb\u00ed\u00f0 og m\u00e1lmkarb\u00f3n\u00edtr\u00ed\u00f0 efnahv\u00f6tum<\/p>\n

Andm\u00e6lendur:
<\/strong>Dr. Max Garcia Melchor, Ikerbasque-ranns\u00f3knapr\u00f3fessor, CIC Energigune, Vitoria, Sp\u00e1nn.
Dr. Karoliina Honkala, pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finnland.<\/p>\n

Lei\u00f0beinendur:
<\/strong>Dr. Egill Sk\u00falason, pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 I\u00f0na\u00f0arverkfr\u00e6\u00f0i, v\u00e9laverkfr\u00e6\u00f0i og t\u00f6lvunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild, H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands
Dr. Younes Abghoui, fr\u00e6\u00f0ima\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 Raunv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/p>\n

Einnig \u00ed doktorsnefnd:<\/strong>
Dr. Einar \u00d6rn Sveinbj\u00f6rnsson, pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 Raunv\u00edsindadeild, H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.
Dr. Helga D\u00f6gg Flosad\u00f3ttir, framkv\u00e6mdarstj\u00f3ri og me\u00f0stofnandi Atmonia, \u00cdsland
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stj\u00f3rnandi varnar:
<\/strong>Dr. Birgir Hrafnkelsson, pr\u00f3fessor og deildarforseti Raunv\u00edsindadeildar H\u00cd\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00c1grip:
<\/strong>\u00c1 n\u00e6stu 80 \u00e1rum er sp\u00e1\u00f0 dramat\u00edskri f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgun \u00ed heiminum sem g\u00e6ti leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faafj\u00f6ldi jar\u00f0arinnar muni n\u00e1 11\u00a0millj\u00f6r\u00f0um\u00a0\u00e1\u00f0ur en hann sta\u00f0nar fyrir lok aldarinnar. \u00deessi f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6ldi mun krefjast aukinnar matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu, sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00e1 skilvirkari h\u00e1tt me\u00f0 tilb\u00fanum \u00e1bur\u00f0i. Fj\u00f6ldaframlei\u00f0sla \u00e1 tilb\u00fanum \u00e1bur\u00f0i, s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi \u00e1\u00a0ammon\u00edaki, er framkv\u00e6md me\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0\u00a0Haber-Bosch. \u00deessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 notar vetni (b\u00fai\u00f0 til fr\u00e1 jar\u00f0gasi e\u00f0a kolum) og k\u00f6fnunarefni sem hvarfefni til a\u00f0 mynda\u00a0ammon\u00edak\u00a0me\u00f0 j\u00e1rn-hvata, sem myndar koltv\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 sem aukaafur\u00f0. \u00deessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir um 1% af\u00a0CO2\u00a0losun mannkyns, sem eykur \u00e1hrif gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifa \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki, vegna\u00a0st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika\u00a0niturs sameindarinnar \u00fearf mikla orku til a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta efnatengi hennar, \u00feess vegna \u00fearf a\u00f0fer\u00f0in h\u00e1an \u00fer\u00fdsting og h\u00e1tt hitastig. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 geta b\u00fai\u00f0 til \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir ferli\u00f0 \u00fearf risast\u00f3rar mi\u00f0l\u00e6gar\u00a0ammon\u00edakframlei\u00f0slust\u00f6\u00f0var. \u00deessi ritger\u00f0 kannar rafefnaafoxun k\u00f6fnunarefnis, sem hefur m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a\u00a0ammon\u00edak\u00a0\u00far k\u00f6fnunarefni, vatni og rafmagni. \u00deessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 g\u00e6ti hugsanlega leitt til kolefnislauss ferlis ef rafmagni\u00f0 er framleitt me\u00f0 endurn\u00fdjanlegum orkugj\u00f6fum eins og vind- e\u00f0a s\u00f3larorku. Enn fremur getur ferli\u00f0 gengi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 (n\u00e1nast) umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, sem gerir sta\u00f0bundna framlei\u00f0slu m\u00f6gulega \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feurfa flutning e\u00f0a geymslu. \u00cd ritger\u00f0inni kynnum vi\u00f0 reikniefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega h\u00f6nnun \u00e1 m\u00f6gulegum n\u00fdjum, hagkv\u00e6mum rafefnahv\u00f6tum sem samanstanda af\u00a0m\u00e1lmkarb\u00ed\u00f0um\u00a0og\u00a0m\u00e1lmkarb\u00f3n\u00edtr\u00ed\u00f0um. Vi\u00f0 sp\u00e1um fyrir a\u00f0 tilteknir efnahvatar geti rafafoxa\u00f0 k\u00f6fnunarefnissameindinni \u00ed\u00a0ammon\u00edak, \u00ed vatnslausn vi\u00f0 umhverfishita og -\u00fer\u00fdsting me\u00f0 a\u00f0eins l\u00edtilli spennu.\u00a0\u00de\u00e9ttnifellafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir\u00a0reikningar \u00e1 rafeindabyggingu eru nota\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 meta frammist\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feessara n\u00fdju rafhvataflokka fyrir\u00a0ammon\u00edakmyndun. Megin rafefnahvarfi\u00f0 sem gerir \u00feetta ferli m\u00f6gulegt eru svokalla\u00f0 Mars-van\u00a0Krevelen\u00a0hvarfi\u00f0, frekar en hef\u00f0bundin samtengingarhv\u00f6rf e\u00f0a sundrunarhvarf. \u00c1 me\u00f0al fj\u00f6lmargra\u00a0m\u00e1lmkarb\u00ed\u00f0a\u00a0og\u00a0m\u00e1lmkarb\u00f3n\u00edtr\u00ed\u00f0a\u00a0efnahvata sem rannsaka\u00f0ir eru \u00ed \u00feessari ritger\u00f0 eru WC,\u00a0TaC,\u00a0VCN\u00a0og\u00a0NbCN\u00a0sp\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir um a\u00f0 vera efnilegir rafefnahvatar, \u00fat fr\u00e1 yfirgripsmikilli greiningu me\u00f0 t\u00f6lvureikningunum. \u00deessi fj\u00f6gur efni s\u00fdna meiri virkni fyrir\u00a0ammon\u00edakmyndun\u00a0en fyrir vetnismyndun sem er samkeppnishvarfi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu ferli. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3l\u00edkt hreinum m\u00e1lmhv\u00f6tum sem framlei\u00f0a\u00a0a\u00f0allega\u00a0vetni. Vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f6kum einnig st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika \u00feeirra gegn m\u00f6gulegu ni\u00f0urbroti \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 notkunara\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem og a\u00f0 \u00feeir mengist. S\u00fdnt er a\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00e1hrifar\u00edk\u00a0ammon\u00edakmyndun\u00a0byggist \u00e1 s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum einkristallayfirbor\u00f0um \u00fear sem fj\u00f6lkristallayfirbor\u00f0 geta valdi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urbroti hvatanna. \u00deessi vinna er st\u00f3rt skref \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ru ferli fyrir\u00a0ammon\u00edakframlei\u00f0slu, sem myndar ver\u00f0m\u00e6t k\u00f6fnunarefnissamb\u00f6nd beint \u00far lofti, vatni og endurn\u00fdjanlegu rafmagni vi\u00f0 umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

Um doktorsefni\u00f0:
<\/strong>Atef Iqbal f\u00e6ddist \u00ed Karak, sem er sta\u00f0sett \u00ed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-h\u00e9ra\u00f0i \u00ed Pakistan. Hann lauk BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hazara h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Mansehra \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017, \u00fear sem hann hlaut hei\u00f0ursver\u00f0laun fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herrans fyrir fr\u00e1b\u00e6ran \u00e1rangur \u00ed n\u00e1mi.<\/p>\n

\u00cd framhaldi f\u00e9kk Atef k\u00ednverskan r\u00edkisstyrk til a\u00f0 stunda n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 Soochow h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Suzhou \u00ed K\u00edna, \u00fear sem hann lauk meistaran\u00e1mi s\u00ednu \u00ed e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 2020. \u00c1rangur hans var enn \u00e1 n\u00fd vi\u00f0urkenndur \u00feegar hann hlaut ver\u00f0launin „Framm\u00farskarandi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legur nemandi“ fr\u00e1 k\u00ednverskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 loknu meistaran\u00e1mi starfa\u00f0i hann sem ranns\u00f3knarma\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi fr\u00e1 jan\u00faar til okt\u00f3ber 2021.<\/p>\n

Atef h\u00f3f doktorsn\u00e1m sitt vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":5820,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_phd_date_start":"2024-11-29T13:00:00+00:00","_phd_date_end":"2024-11-29T15:00:00+00:00","_phd_location":"A\u00f0albygging H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arsalur","_phd_admission":"A\u00f0gangur \u00f3keypis","_phd_thesis_title":"Rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg amm\u00f3n\u00edaksmyndun \u00e1 m\u00e1lmkarb\u00ed\u00f0 og m\u00e1lmkarb\u00f3n\u00edtr\u00ed\u00f0 efnahv\u00f6tum","_phd_source_url":"https:\/\/gamli.hi.is\/vidburdir\/doktorsvorn_i_edlisfraedi_atef_iqbal","_phd_source_node_id":"437181","_phd_source_type":"vidburdir","_phd_member_id":973,"footnotes":""},"phd_school":[101,93],"phd_discipline":[105],"class_list":["post-6432","phd_defence","type-phd_defence","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","phd_school-raunvisindadeild","phd_school-verkfraedi-og-natturuvisindasvid","phd_discipline-phd-i-edlisfraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/phd_defence"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6432\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"phd_school","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_school?post=6432"},{"taxonomy":"phd_discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_discipline?post=6432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}