{"id":6373,"date":"2026-10-19T09:48:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-salfraedi-ivan-makarov\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T09:48:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:49","slug":"doktorsvorn-salfraedi-ivan-makarov","status":"publish","type":"phd_defence","link":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-salfraedi-ivan-makarov\/","title":{"rendered":"Doktorsv\u00f6rn s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i – Ivan Makarov"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Mi\u00f0vikudaginn 13. n\u00f3vember 2024 ver Ivan Makarov doktorsritger\u00f0 s\u00edna \u00ed s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Ritger\u00f0in ber heiti\u00f0: N\u00fdting fj\u00f6lskynjunar vi\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun skynskiptab\u00fana\u00f0ar fyrir einstaklinga me\u00f0 sj\u00f3n- og heyrnarsker\u00f0ingu. <\/strong>Using multimodal attention to design sensory substitution devices: Basic research and application.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Andm\u00e6lendur eru dr. Jeremy Marozeau, a\u00f0sto\u00f0arpr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU, og dr. Karl \u00c6gir Karlsson, pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Umsj\u00f3narkennari og lei\u00f0beinandi voru \u00c1rni Kristj\u00e1nsson, pr\u00f3fessor, og R\u00fanar Unn\u00fe\u00f3rsson, pr\u00f3fessor. Auk \u00feeirra sat Ian M. Thornton, pr\u00f3fessor, \u00ed doktorsnefnd.<\/p>\n

Andri Stein\u00fe\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rnsson, pr\u00f3fessor og varadeildarforseti S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar, stj\u00f3rnar ath\u00f6fninni sem fer fram \u00ed H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0asal H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og hefst kl. 13.00.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00f6rninni ver\u00f0ur streymt:\u00a0<\/p>\n

https:\/\/vimeo.com\/event\/4704046<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1grip<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Skynjun \u00e1 heiminum \u00ed kringum okkur takmarkast sjaldnast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0eins eitt skynf\u00e6ri. Skynjun heimsins er \u00fev\u00ed fj\u00f6lskynjun \u00fear sem \u00f6ll skynf\u00e6rin leika hlutverk. Skilningur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvernig menn skynja og sam\u00fe\u00e6tta uppl\u00fdsingar fr\u00e1 mismunandi skynf\u00e6rum er nau\u00f0synlegur til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a skilvirkan skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0. \u00cd \u00feessari ritger\u00f0 er fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 samspil mismunandi skynf\u00e6ra kanna\u00f0 \u00e1samt hlutverki athygli \u00ed skynjun og hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif \u00fea\u00f0 hefur \u00e1 h\u00f6nnun skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0ar. Einkum er athyglinni beint a\u00f0 snertiskyni og l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja skynvillur og t\u00falkun. \u00cd grein I var n\u00fd skynvilla ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0. Skynvillan felst \u00ed a\u00f0 sterkari snerti\u00e1reiti eru skynju\u00f0 ofar en \u00feau sem eru af l\u00e6gri styrk (e. Intensity order illusion, IOI). Ef seinna titrings\u00e1reiti \u00e1 sama sta\u00f0 \u00e1 mj\u00f3bakinu hefur h\u00e6rri styrk en fyrra \u00e1reiti\u00f0 hafa \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 skynja \u00fea\u00f0 sem hreyfingu upp \u00e1 vi\u00f0 (og \u00f6fugt). Tv\u00e6r tilraunir voru ger\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 skilja hva\u00f0 veldur IOI og til a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort \u00fea\u00f0 virkar \u00ed l\u00e1r\u00e9ttri v\u00eddd e\u00f0a a\u00f0eins \u00ed l\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttri v\u00eddd. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar \u00far grein I veita inns\u00fdn \u00ed IOI og hlutverk t\u00ed\u00f0ni og styrkleika \u00ed skynvillunni. Auk \u00feess sta\u00f0festir ranns\u00f3knin virkni Lofelt 5 titrara fyrir snerti\u00f6rvun, sem skiptir sk\u00f6pum fyrir \u00fer\u00f3un skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0ar okkar. \u00cd greinum II og III er fjalla\u00f0 um fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6tta athygli og \u00e1hrif samstillingar \u00e1reita fyrir mismunandi skynf\u00e6ri fyrir frammist\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed s\u00f6fnunarverkefnum (e. foraging). \u00cd grein II voru \u00e1hrif sj\u00f3nar og heyrnar \u00e1 s\u00f6fnunarverkefni ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00far \u00feremur tilraunum s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00feegar mark\u00e1reiti breytast \u00ed samstillingu sj\u00f3nar og heyrnar lei\u00f0ir \u00feetta athyglina a\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum mark\u00e1reitum. Engar v\u00edsbendingar voru um a\u00f0 leitin gengi betur \u00feegar hlj\u00f3\u00f0, sem ekki er sta\u00f0bundi\u00f0, fylgdi me\u00f0, jafnvel \u00feegar s\u00f6fnunarverkefni\u00f0 var fl\u00f3knara (tilraun 3). Ranns\u00f3knirnar \u00ed grein III voru ger\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 skilja hvort v\u00edsbendingar fr\u00e1 mismunandi skynf\u00e6rum geti b\u00e6tt frammist\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed sj\u00f3nr\u00e6nu s\u00f6fnunarverkefni. V\u00edsbendi fr\u00e1 \u00feremur mismunandi skynf\u00e6rum (sj\u00f3nr\u00e6n, haptic og hlj\u00f3\u00f0) voru borin saman vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar engar v\u00edsbendingar komu fram. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdndu greinilega a\u00f0 v\u00edsbendi fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum skynf\u00e6rum (heyrn og snerting) b\u00e6ttu frammist\u00f6\u00f0una meira en v\u00edsbendi innan s\u00f6mu skynjunarv\u00edddar.\u00a0 Vonast er til \u00feess a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar geti gagnast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a skynskiptibuna\u00f0 og a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r veiti inns\u00fdn \u00ed hvernig uppl\u00fdsingum s\u00e9 best a\u00f0 mi\u00f0la, og me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti,\u00a0 \u00feegar \u00fer\u00f3a \u00e1 skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0. \u00c1 heildina liti\u00f0 undirstrika ranns\u00f3knirnar mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 sam\u00fe\u00e6ttingu mismunandi skynf\u00e6ra og virkni athyglinnar vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0ar, en einnig almennt til a\u00f0 skilja skynjun. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdta inns\u00fdn fr\u00e1 snertiskynjun og fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6ttri athygli getum vi\u00f0 auki\u00f0 notagildi og skilvirkni skynskiptib\u00fana\u00f0ar fyrir notendur sem gl\u00edma vi\u00f0 truflanir \u00e1 skynjun.<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Perception of the world around us can never be limited to only one stream. The perception of the world is multimodal. Understanding how humans perceive and integrate information from multiple sensory modalities is essential for developing effective sensory substitution devices (SSDs). This thesis explores the complex interplay of sensory modalities and attention in perception and how it relates to the design of SSDs. The research investigates tactile perception and its implications for SSDs, highlighting the importance of understanding tactile illusions and anisotropies. In paper I the intensity order illusion (IOI) was studied. This illusion can be described as the mislocalization of the second stimuli following the first one. If the second stimulus on the lower back has higher intensity than the first stimulus then participants tend to perceive it as an upward movement. This also works vice versa. Two experiments were conducted to understand what causes the IOI and to find out whether it works in horizontal deimension or only in vertical dimension. The findings from Paper I reveal insights into the IOI and the role of amplitude for the IOI. Additionally, the study validates the effectiveness of Lofelt 5 actuators for tactile stimulation, crucial for SSD development involving tactile stimulation.<\/p>\n

Examining multimodal attention, Papers II and III delve into the effects of synchrony and cross-modal cueing on foraging performance. In Paper II the focus was on studying the influence of visual and auditory synchrony on foraging. Three experiments were run to study the the influence of synchrony. The results show that when targets move in visual synchrony, this guides attention during multiple target visual search. These results can possibly be explained by the grouping of the targets. There was no evidence that participans have any search benefit from non-spatial sound even when the task was more complicated (Experiment 3).\u00a0 Paper III was made as an extension of the second paper. The main goal was to understand whether cues from different modalities can improve visual search. Three cues from different modalities (visual, haptic and sound) were compared to the condition where no cues were presented. The results clearly showed that cross-modal cueing (haptic cue and sound cue) is more effective compared to uni-modal cueing (visual cue). These findings can benefit in developing SSD and provide some insights about how information should be conveyed using SSD\u2019s.<\/p>\n

Overall, the research underscores the importance of considering multimodal integration and attentional mechanisms in the development of SSDs, but also more generlly, for understanding perception. By leveraging insights from tactile perception and multimodal attention, future SSD designs can optimize sensory feedback delivery, enhancing usability and effectiveness for users with sensory impairments.<\/p>\n

Um doktorsefni\u00f0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ivan Makorov er f\u00e6ddur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997 \u00ed Moskvu. Hann lauk B.Sc. gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 Higher School of Economics University \u00ed Moskvu \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019 og M.Sc. gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed hagn\u00fdtri hugr\u00e6nni s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00ed Utrecht, Hollandi, 2021.<\/p>\n

Hausti\u00f0 2021 h\u00f3f Ivan doktorsn\u00e1m vi\u00f0 S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild og I\u00f0na\u00f0arverkfr\u00e6\u00f0i-, v\u00e9laverkfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og\u00a0t\u00f6lvunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Ranns\u00f3knir Ivans vi\u00f0 H\u00cd eru styrktar af T\u00e6kni\u00fer\u00f3unarsj\u00f3\u00f0i.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":5705,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_phd_date_start":"2024-11-13T13:00:00+00:00","_phd_date_end":"2024-11-13T16:00:00+00:00","_phd_location":"A\u00f0albygging H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0asalur","_phd_admission":"A\u00f0gangur \u00f3keypis","_phd_thesis_title":"N\u00fdting fj\u00f6lskynjunar vi\u00f0 h\u00f6nnun skynskiptab\u00fana\u00f0ar fyrir einstaklinga me\u00f0 sj\u00f3n- og heyrnarsker\u00f0ingu. Using multimodal attention to design sensory substitution devices: Basic research and application","_phd_source_url":"https:\/\/gamli.hi.is\/vidburdir\/doktorsvorn_salfraedi_ivan_makarov","_phd_source_node_id":"436489","_phd_source_type":"vidburdir","_phd_member_id":911,"footnotes":""},"phd_school":[60,75],"phd_discipline":[76],"class_list":["post-6373","phd_defence","type-phd_defence","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","phd_school-heilbrigdisvisindasvid","phd_school-salfraedideild","phd_discipline-phd-i-salfraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/phd_defence"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6373\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5705"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6373"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"phd_school","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_school?post=6373"},{"taxonomy":"phd_discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_discipline?post=6373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}