{"id":6282,"date":"2026-10-19T09:48:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-naeringarfraedi-ellen-alma-tryggvadottir\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T09:48:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:43","slug":"doktorsvorn-i-naeringarfraedi-ellen-alma-tryggvadottir","status":"publish","type":"phd_defence","link":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-naeringarfraedi-ellen-alma-tryggvadottir\/","title":{"rendered":"Doktorsv\u00f6rn \u00ed n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0i – Ellen Alma Tryggvad\u00f3ttir"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00deri\u00f0judaginn 7. j\u00fan\u00ed ver Ellen Alma Tryggvad\u00f3ttir doktorsritger\u00f0 s\u00edna \u00ed n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Matv\u00e6la- og n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Ritger\u00f0in ber heiti\u00f0: N\u00e6ringartengd l\u00edfmerki hj\u00e1 barnshafandi konum og tengsl vi\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki. <\/strong>Assessment of nutritional biomarkers in pregnant women and associations with gestational diabetes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Andm\u00e6lendur eru dr. Kirsi Laitinen, d\u00f3sent vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Turku \u00ed Finnlandi, og dr. Sigr\u00ed\u00f0ur S\u00eda J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir, d\u00f3sent og forseti Heilbrig\u00f0isv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 Akureyri.<\/p>\n

Lei\u00f0beinendur voru Ingibj\u00f6rg Gunnarsd\u00f3ttir, pr\u00f3fessor og \u00de\u00f3rhallur Ingi Halld\u00f3rsson, pr\u00f3fessor. Auk \u00feeirra s\u00e1tu \u00ed doktorsnefnd Brynd\u00eds Eva Birgisd\u00f3ttir, pr\u00f3fessor, Hildur Har\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir, d\u00f3sent og Helle Margrete Meltzer, ranns\u00f3knastj\u00f3ri vi\u00f0 Folkehelseinstituttet, Noregi.<\/p>\n

Mar\u00eda Gu\u00f0j\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir, pr\u00f3fessor og deildarforseti Matv\u00e6la- og n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar, stj\u00f3rnar ath\u00f6fninni sem fer fram \u00ed H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0asal H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og hefst kl. 13:00.<\/p>\n

V\u00f6rninni ver\u00f0ur streymt:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/livestream.com\/hi\/dotorsvornellenalmatryggvadottir<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1grip<\/strong><\/p>\n

Markmi\u00f0 doktorsverkefnisins \u00ed heild var a\u00f0 a) rannsaka f\u00e6\u00f0uval og b\u00e6tiefnanotkun kvenna snemma \u00e1 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngu, me\u00f0 notkun \u00e1 f\u00e6\u00f0ut\u00ed\u00f0nispurningalista auk m\u00e6linga \u00e1 l\u00edfmerkjum (greinar I-IV) og b) kanna tengsl vi\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki (greinar I-III). \u00de\u00e1tttakendur voru barnshafandi konur sem m\u00e6ttu \u00ed f\u00f3sturskimun \u00e1 Landsp\u00edtala vi\u00f0 11.-14. viku me\u00f0g\u00f6ngu \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu okt\u00f3ber 2017 til mars 2018. Konurnar sv\u00f6ru\u00f0u f\u00e6\u00f0ut\u00ed\u00f0nispurningalista auk almennra spurninga vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku auk \u00feess a\u00f0 veita \u00fevag- og bl\u00f3\u00f0s\u00fdni fyrir ranns\u00f3knina.<\/p>\n

\u00cd heild greindust 127 konur (14,9%) me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki. Um \u00feri\u00f0jungur \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda m\u00e6ldist me\u00f0 \u00f3fulln\u00e6gjandi styrk 25OHD <50 nmol\/L \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i, \u00fear af voru 5% me\u00f0 D-v\u00edtam\u00ednskort (25OHD <30 nm\u00f3l\/L). Engin sk\u00fdr tengsl s\u00e1ust \u00e1 milli styrk 25OHD \u00ed upphafi me\u00f0g\u00f6ngu og h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greinast s\u00ed\u00f0ar me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki. T\u00ed\u00f0ni heilkornaneyslu var l\u00e6gri hj\u00e1 \u00feeim konum sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar greindust me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki, bori\u00f0 saman vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r sem greindust ekki (mi\u00f0gildi 5 sinnum\/viku sbr. 6 sinnum\/viku, P=0,02). \u00deessi munur endurspegla\u00f0ist \u00ed l\u00e6gri mi\u00f0gildum \u00e1 styrk heildar-alkylresorcinola (AR) hj\u00e1 \u00feeim konum sem greindust me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki (163 sbr. 209 nmol\/L, P<0,01). Hlutfallsleg \u00e1h\u00e6tta (relative risk) \u00feess a\u00f0 greinast me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki var 50% (95% CI: 0,27, 0,90) l\u00e6gri hj\u00e1 \u00feeim konum sem tilheyr\u00f0u efsta fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi \u00ed styrk AR \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva bori\u00f0 saman vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r sem tilheyr\u00f0u fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungnum me\u00f0 l\u00e6gstu gildi AR. Lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttur me\u00f0almunur \u00e1 styrk fitus\u00fdra \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva kvenna sem greindust me\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki og ekki var 133 \u03bcg\/mL (95% CI: 33 – 233). J\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 fylgni s\u00e1st \u00e1 milli t\u00ed\u00f0ni neyslu \u00e1 fiski \u00e1samt b\u00e6tiefnum sem innihalda \u00f3mega 3 fitus\u00fdrur vi\u00f0 styrk \u00f3mega 3 fitus\u00fdra \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva (r=0,34). Neysla \u00e1 vins\u00e6lli tegund me\u00f0g\u00f6ngu fj\u00f6lv\u00edtam\u00edns, sem inniheldur \u00f3mega 3, tengdist hins vegar ekki styrk EPA og DHA \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eru t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta f\u00e6\u00f0uval og D-v\u00edtam\u00ednst\u00f6\u00f0u barnshafandi kvenna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Tengsl heilkornaneyslu vi\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki voru sannreynd me\u00f0 m\u00e6lingum l\u00edfmerkja \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva, en \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i ekki \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 gert \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn me\u00f0al barnshafandi kvenna. Um \u00feri\u00f0jungur kvennanna fylgdi r\u00e1\u00f0leggingunni var\u00f0andi \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 bor\u00f0a fisk a\u00f0 minnsta kosti tvisvar \u00ed viku. Um 50% t\u00f3ku b\u00e6tiefni sem innihalda \u00f3mega 3 fitus\u00fdrur daglega. Neysla \u00e1 fiski og b\u00e6tiefnum sem innihalda langar \u00f3mega-3 fitus\u00fdrur endurspegla\u00f0ist almennt \u00ed h\u00e6rri styrk \u00feeirra \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0v\u00f6kva, a\u00f0 undanskilinni einni tegund af me\u00f0g\u00f6nguv\u00edtam\u00edni.<\/p>\n

English abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

This PhD thesis aimed to (a) examine dietary intake and nutritional status in early pregnancy by means of a subjective diet screening questionnaire as well as objective biomarkers (papers I-IV) and (b) explore associations with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (papers I-III). Subjects were women attending ultrasound screening at Landsp\u00edtali – National University Hospital in their 11th to 14th week of pregnancy, from October 2017 to March 2018. During their visits, the women answered a diet screening questionnaire as well as background questions in addition to providing blood and spot urine samples.<\/p>\n

GDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). Approximately one-third of the cohort had S-25OHD concentrations below adequate levels (< 50 nmol\/L) during the first trimester of pregnancy, thereof 5% had deficient concentrations (25OHD <30 nmol\/L). However, no clear association was observed between S-25OHD and GDM. Frequency of wholegrain intake was lower among the women who were later diagnosed with GDM, compared to those who were not (median 5 times\/week vs. 6 times\/week, P=0.02). This difference was reflected in lower median concentrations of alkylresorcinols (AR) among the women diagnosed with GDM (163 vs. 209 nmol\/L, P<0.01). The relative risk of being diagnosed with GDM was 50% (95% CI: 0.27, 0.90) lower among individuals in the highest quartile compared to those in the lowest quartile of plasma ARs. The mean adjusted difference for total fatty acids between the women with and without GDM was 133 \u03bcg\/mL (95% CI 33 to 233). There was a positive correlation between the women\u2019s intake of all fish and total omega-3 supplements and the concentrations of plasma omega-3 fatty acids (r=0.34). No correlations were observed between a popular type of omega-3-containing multivitamin supplement and concentrations of plasma EPA and DHA (r=0.03).<\/p>\n

These results indicate several opportunities to improve dietary quality and vitamin D status of pregnant women in Iceland. The associations of whole grain intake to GDM risk were established by measuring plasma AR concentration, something that has not been done previously in a pregnancy cohort. One third of the women followed the recommendation of eating fish at least twice weekly. About 50% had a daily intake of supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids. The intake of fish and omega-3 supplements was positively correlated with plasma EPA and DHA concentrations, except for a maternal multivitamin supplement containing omega-3.<\/p>\n

Um doktorsefni\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ellen Alma Tryggvad\u00f3ttir er f\u00e6dd \u00e1ri\u00f0 1980 \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk. H\u00fan lauk st\u00fadentspr\u00f3fi af n\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ibraut Framhaldssk\u00f3lans \u00ed Austur-Skaftafellss\u00fdslu \u00e1ri\u00f0 2009, BS-pr\u00f3fi \u00ed n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 Matv\u00e6la- og n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0ideild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 og hlaut meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 s\u00f6mu deild \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014. Me\u00f0fram doktorsn\u00e1minu hefur h\u00fan starfa\u00f0 sem stundakennari vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og verkefnastj\u00f3ri vi\u00f0 Ranns\u00f3knastofu \u00ed n\u00e6ringarfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00cd dag starfar Ellen sem verkefnastj\u00f3ri matarstefnu hj\u00e1 Reykjav\u00edkurborg. Foreldrar Ellenar eru Tryggvi J\u00f3hannsson t\u00f6lvunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og Gu\u00f0r\u00fan Schi\u00f6th skur\u00f0t\u00e6knir. Ellen er gift Her\u00f0i Sk\u00fala Dan\u00edelssyni og eiga \u00feau d\u00e6turnar Helenu Rut og Rebekku Lind.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":5137,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_phd_date_start":"2022-06-07T13:00:00+00:00","_phd_date_end":"2022-06-07T16:00:00+00:00","_phd_location":"A\u00f0albygging H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0asalur","_phd_admission":"A\u00f0gangur \u00f3keypis","_phd_thesis_title":"N\u00e6ringartengd l\u00edfmerki hj\u00e1 barnshafandi konum og tengsl vi\u00f0 me\u00f0g\u00f6ngusykurs\u00fdki. 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