{"id":6124,"date":"2026-10-19T09:48:30","date_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-jardedlisfraedi-mary-kristen-butwin\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T09:48:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T09:48:30","slug":"doktorsvorn-i-jardedlisfraedi-mary-kristen-butwin","status":"publish","type":"phd_defence","link":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/doktorsvorn\/doktorsvorn-i-jardedlisfraedi-mary-kristen-butwin\/","title":{"rendered":"Doktorsv\u00f6rn \u00ed jar\u00f0e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; Mary Kristen Butwin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\" property=\"content:encoded\">\n<p><strong>Doktorsefni:<\/strong>\u00a0Mary Kristen Butwin<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heiti ritger\u00f0ar:<\/strong>\u00a0Sand- og \u00f6skufok \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/p>\n<p><strong>Andm\u00e6lendur: <\/strong>Dr. Anna Mar\u00eda \u00c1g\u00fastsd\u00f3ttir, s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur hj\u00e1 Landgr\u00e6\u00f0slunni,<br \/> Dr. Frances Beckett, v\u00edsindama\u00f0ur hj\u00e1 Ve\u00f0urstofu Bretlands.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lei\u00f0beinandi:<\/strong>\u00a0Dr. \u00der\u00f6stur \u00deorsteinsson, pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed umhverfis- og au\u00f0lindafr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Einnig \u00ed doktorsnefnd:<\/strong> Melissa A. Pfeffer, s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00f6sku- og efnadreifingar hj\u00e1 Ve\u00f0urstofu \u00cdslands, og Sibylle von L\u00f6wis, h\u00f3pstj\u00f3ri ve\u00f0urm\u00e6likerfa hj\u00e1 Ve\u00f0urstofu \u00cdslands.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Doktorsv\u00f6rn st\u00fdrir:<\/strong>\u00a0Dr. Magn\u00fas Tumi Gu\u00f0mundsson, pr\u00f3fessor og deildarforseti Jar\u00f0v\u00edsindadeildar H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c1grip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ryk er mikilv\u00e6gur \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed samspili yfirbor\u00f0s og lofthj\u00faps og hefur me\u00f0al annars \u00e1hrif \u00e1 loftg\u00e6\u00f0i, innvi\u00f0i og heilsu manna og d\u00fdra. \u00cdsland leggur miki\u00f0 til ryks \u00e1 h\u00e1um breiddargr\u00e1\u00f0um og er sandfok (\u00f6skufok, moldrok e\u00f0a sandbylur) algengt \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, \u00fe\u00e1 helst vi\u00f0 su\u00f0urstr\u00f6ndina og \u00e1 mi\u00f0h\u00e1lendinu. Sandfok \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 um 20% af yfirbor\u00f0i \u00cdslands er flokka\u00f0 sem ey\u00f0im\u00f6rk (\u00f6r\u00e6fi) me\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 sem ve\u00f0rast au\u00f0veldlega og t\u00ed\u00f0s hvassvi\u00f0ris vegna l\u00e6g\u00f0a og strengja sem myndast vegna landslags. Einnig er n\u00fdtt efni s\u00edfellt a\u00f0 myndast vegna j\u00f6kla-, \u00e1a-, og vindrofs ferla og \u00f6sku fr\u00e1 eldgosum. Vegna \u00feess hve eldvirkt \u00cdsland er \u00e1 megni\u00f0 af efninu sem \u00feyrlast upp \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 uppruna \u00ed eldgosum, sem er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess a\u00f0 sandfok \u00e1 \u00cdsland er s\u00e9rstakt. N\u00fdlega aska og eldri rykagnir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sv\u00e6\u00f0um geta haft mismunandi eiginleika og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i umhverfi\u00f0 og heilsu, \u00fev\u00ed er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 geta gert greinarmun \u00e1 \u00feessum efnum. \u00deessi munur hefur einnig \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a eiginleikar eru nota\u00f0ir vi\u00f0 m\u00e6lingar og l\u00edkanreikninga. Athuganir \u00e1 fokatbur\u00f0um, til d\u00e6mis me\u00f0 gervitunglamyndum og fr\u00e1 m\u00f6nnu\u00f0um ve\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0vum, geta n\u00fdst til a\u00f0 segja til um hvort upptakasv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er n\u00fdleg aska e\u00f0a eldra ryk. Agnateljarar (Optical Particle Counter) \u00e1samt ve\u00f0urathugunum, auk l\u00edkanreikninga, m\u00e1 nota til a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a hven\u00e6r st\u00f3r atbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota g\u00f6gn fr\u00e1 athugunum \u00ed felti, ve\u00f0uruppl\u00fdsingum og \u00f6\u00f0rum g\u00f6gnum fannst a\u00f0 eldgos hafa mun minni \u00e1hrif \u00e1 rykumhverfi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi en upphaflega var tali\u00f0. A\u00f0eins st\u00f3r eldgos (Volcanic Explosive Index, VEI, 3 e\u00f0a h\u00e6rri) sem eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 utan vetrart\u00edmans hafa sj\u00e1anleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 fj\u00f6lda sandfoksatbur\u00f0a sem eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Hins vegar vara \u00e1hrifin a\u00f0eins \u00ed vikur, ekki m\u00e1nu\u00f0i e\u00f0a \u00e1r. Eigi a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur getur askan \u00feyrlast upp m\u00e1nu\u00f0um eftir a\u00f0 eldgosi lauk, en yfirleitt gerist \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru fokefni og eykur \u00fev\u00ed ekki t\u00ed\u00f0ni fokatbur\u00f0a. Hven\u00e6r fok \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 veltur \u00e1 vindhra\u00f0a og landslagi, \u00fear sem litlar breytingar geta valdi\u00f0 mikilli breytingu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed efnismagni sem \u00feyrlast upp. \u00darkoma og rakastig hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 st\u00e6r\u00f0 fokatbur\u00f0a, en \u00fe\u00f3 minna en \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sv\u00e6\u00f0um heimsins. Greinileg ummerki uppruna \u00ed eldgosum sj\u00e1st \u00e1 \u00f6gnum st\u00e6rri en 20 \u00b5m. Agnir sm\u00e6rri en 20 \u00b5m eru hins vegar l\u00edkari \u00f6gnum fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum upptakasv\u00e6\u00f0um. Ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 greina \u00ed sundur \u00f6sku og eldra ryk eing\u00f6ngu \u00e1 \u00fatliti agnanna. \u00cdslenskt ryk hefur l\u00e6gri e\u00f0lismassa en agnir fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum upptakasv\u00e6\u00f0um heimsins og \u00fev\u00ed er au\u00f0veldara a\u00f0 \u00feyrla \u00feeim upp. L\u00f6gun og gropa anga st\u00e6rri en 20 \u00b5m hefur mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hversu langt \u00fe\u00e6r berast \u00ed lofti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Um doktorsefni\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mary Kristen Butwin er fr\u00e1 Syracuse \u00ed New York, Bandar\u00edkjunum. H\u00fan lauk B.Sc. pr\u00f3fi \u00ed ve\u00f0ur- og jar\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 2013 fr\u00e1 State University of New York at Oswego. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed loknu f\u00f3r h\u00fan til University of Alaska Fairbanks og lauk M.Sc. pr\u00f3fi \u00ed lofthj\u00fapsfr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015. H\u00fan h\u00f3f svo doktorsn\u00e1m vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00ed jan\u00faar 2016.<strong><br \/> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":1960,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_phd_date_start":"2019-08-27T13:00:00+00:00","_phd_date_end":"2019-08-27T15:00:00+00:00","_phd_location":"A\u00f0albygging H\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arsalur","_phd_admission":"A\u00f0gangur \u00f3keypis","_phd_thesis_title":"Sand- og \u00f6skufok \u00e1 \u00cdslandi","_phd_source_url":"https:\/\/gamli.hi.is\/vidburdir\/doktorsvorn_i_jardedlisfraedi_mary_kristen_butwin","_phd_source_node_id":"322663","_phd_source_type":"vidburdir","_phd_member_id":561,"footnotes":""},"phd_school":[113,93],"phd_discipline":[114],"class_list":["post-6124","phd_defence","type-phd_defence","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","phd_school-jardvisindadeild","phd_school-verkfraedi-og-natturuvisindasvid","phd_discipline-phd-i-jardedlisfraedi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/phd_defence"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_defence\/6124\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"phd_school","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_school?post=6124"},{"taxonomy":"phd_discipline","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phd.hi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/phd_discipline?post=6124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}